Almost five years have passed since the historic agreements to finance the EU’s largest joint economic stimulus programme were reached. The Next Generation EU (NGEU) funds were designed with the dual target of helping to overcome, in the short term, the adverse effects of…

Unlike the process of tracking the achievement of the milestones and targets laid out in the Recovery and Resilience Plans (RRPs), assessing where we are in their implementation becomes more complicated when we try to quantify their macroeconomic impact and their…

To date, Spain has already complied with 70% of the reforms set out in the Plan, but only with 15% of the investments, partly because of the Plan’s very nature, which places more emphasis on the reforms in the first few years, and partly due to some initial delays in the…

The NGEU funds and the national investment programmes in Germany and France are the result of a long process of changes in the big economic blocs, accelerated by COVID and the war in Ukraine. These efforts seek to redefine and adapt production models to the energy…

In the US, two major economic investment and modernisation plans have been launched in recent years which represent a very different model from the European one, with a more protectionist approach. The transformative efforts in energy and technology did not arise from the…