After the sharp downturn in the sector caused by the pandemic, the recovery of international tourism in Spain can now be considered almost complete. Among the world’s top 10 tourism destinations, Spain was the second to exceed its number of pre-COVID international tourists, behind only Türkiye.
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Given the dramatic decline in demand, house prices are likely to undergo some adjustment in the period 2020-2021, although there will be significant differences depending on the property's location and type. Specifically, we expect house prices to fall more sharply in the second-hand market and tourist areas, which have been severely affected by the restrictions on international travel.
In the first issue of 2025, we stop to take a snapshot of foreign demand for housing, international business tourism and the savings of Spanish households according to their demographic and income profile. We continue to analyse the European economy’s exposure to US tariff hikes, this time from the perspective of value chains, and we also assess the challenges for European fiscal policy following the entry into force of the new economic governance framework.
Consumption in Spain is recovering faster than in previous crises. This is highlighted in the consumption tracker produced by CaixaBank Research based on internal data (available in Spanish: Monitor de Consumo). In the month of October, our consumption indicator was already 13% higher than in the same month in 2019.
Las perspectivas del yen frente al euro para los próximos trimestres son de estabilidad general, aunque con un sesgo ligeramente favorable a la divisa japonesa. Las expectativas económicas para 2025 son algo mejores en Japón, y el Banco de Japón está endureciendo su política monetaria cuando el BCE está recortando los tipos de interés. No obstante, aunque el diferencial de tipos nominales a corto plazo sea favorable al yen, la principal fuerza directora de la divisa nipona (tanto frente al euro como frente al dólar) está siendo el diferencial de tipos reales a largo plazo. Este se debería mantener estable en un entorno al que, a las dinámicas monetarias, habría que añadir la diferente normalización de la inflación de ambas geografías (acelerándose en Japón y desacelerándose en Europa).
In this issue of the Real Estate Sector Report we take stock of a more positive 2023 than expected and offer our forecasts for 2024-2025, which we have also revised upwards. In addition, we analyse how population growth has driven up housing demand in Spain in recent years; how the real estate markets of the main advanced economies have responded to the tightening of financial conditions, and what we expect for Spain’s commercial real estate market.
The record figures achieved by tourism in Spain in the opening months of 2024 and the effects of climate change on the sector highlight the need to continue improving the management of tourism flows and to promote innovation and investment, in order to minimise the negative impacts caused by tourism activity and move towards a less seasonal, more sustainable model.
The rapid growth of Spain’s real estate sector during the first half of the year has led us to revise upwards our forecasts for 2024 and 2025. Even so, the mismatch between supply and demand will determine the sector’s behaviour, as it tackles major challenges such as climate change and the housing affordability problems for the young and the most vulnerable segments of society.
Activity in Spain’s agrifood sector is increasing at a faster rate than across the economy as a whole and the outlook for the 2024-2025 campaign is encouraging. Exports are holding up well in the adverse environment of recent years and the food price rally has begun to slow, although the cumulative increase since 2019 remains significant.
In 2024, the Spanish economy has experienced widespread growth across virtually all of its sectors. The outlook for 2025 also looks promising, although there will be differences in growth rates and the transition to a more sustainable production system will need to be tackled head on. The automotive sector will also face the challenge of remaining competitive in the new global ecosystem.
Spain’s manufacturing sector has overcome a 2022 that was hit hard by the energy crisis and supply problems regarding some raw materials, preventing manufacturers from getting back to their pre-pandemic levels. In 2023, although the economic situation is still significantly uncertain, the outlook is somewhat more favourable than a few months ago: having weathered the more adverse scenarios observed during the winter, the economy continues to show positive signs thanks to the stabilisation of energy markets and the resilience of Spain’s labour market and household consumption.
The rental housing market has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Its sharp price rises, much bigger than the increase in wage income, has highlighted the economic vulnerability of households living in rented accommodation. These households tend to have a lower-than-average income level and a high percentage of them spend more than 40% of their income on housing-related payments. To redress this worrying situation, much-needed economic policy measures have been taken to increase the supply of affordable housing. However, other types of policies have also been proposed, such as rent caps in stressed market areas, although their effectiveness is limited judging by experiences in other countries.
Activity in the real estate market is recovering from its extraordinary slump between March and June. House sales and new building permits have regained much of the ground lost in Q3 2020, a trend we expect to consolidate in 2021. House prices, whose trend is still weak but without any extreme corrections, are expected to follow a similar trend in the coming quarters, ending 2021 with a decline of around 2%.
Tras la celebración de la COP28 en Dubái, dedicamos el último episodio del año a conocer los diversos riesgos derivados del cambio climático a los que se enfrenta la economía, y a entender el papel de las empresas y del sector financiero en la sostenibilidad. Lo hacemos de la mano de Roser Ferrer, economista y experta en sostenibilidad en CaixaBank Research. Como de costumbre, repasamos también los puntos clave de la coyuntura económica con Ricard Murillo, en un momento marcado por el cambio de rumbo de la política monetaria. Aprovechamos para desear a nuestros oyentes de “Economía Exprés” unas ¡felices fiestas y un próspero 2024!
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We present the CaixaBank Research Sectoral Observatory, the first 360º report on the state and outlook for Spain’s economic sectors. The goal of this publication is to take a more in-depth look at the underlying dynamics behind macroeconomic developments, offering a comprehensive view of the various economic sectors’ performance over time.
¿Cuándo empezarán a bajar los tipos los tipos de interés? ¿Se desmarcará el BCE de la Fed? ¿Podemos dar por acabada la crisis inflacionista en Europa? Ponemos a prueba a nuestros observadores de los bancos centrales en este especial sobre política monetaria de Economía Exprés y comentamos los buenos datos de crecimiento con los que nos ha sorprendido la economía española el primer trimestre de 2024.
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En este episodio de Economía Exprés, Oriol Aspachs, director de Economía Española en CaixaBank Research, analiza el sorprendente crecimiento económico de España en 2024 y las previsiones para 2025. Un año en el que la economía seguirá creciendo, pero a un ritmo condicionado por la incertidumbre geopolítica. Con él exploramos el impacto de la política arancelaria de Donald Trump, los efectos de los avances de la Unión Europea en aumentar su gasto en defensa y la situación de los principales socios comerciales de la economía española.
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The Trump administration’s announcements of tariff hikes have raised the effective average US tariff on imports to its highest level in a century. Although the decision has been suspended for 90 days, with the exception of China, it reflects the destabilising potential of the measures announced and has triggered fears of a further slowdown in the global economy.
En el primer capítulo de 2025, repasamos los primeros días de Donald Trump como presidente de los Estados Unidos para entender cómo podrían llegar a afectar a la economía sus decisiones. Nos detenemos a analizar exposición de las exportaciones europeas y españolas a la temida subida de los aranceles, y hacemos un breve balance global de 2024 para ver cómo afrontan las principales economías el nuevo año y el relevo republicano en la Casa Blanca. Con Patricia Esteban e Isabela Lara White, economista experta en Estados Unidos en CaixaBank Research.
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This month we explore in depth the impact and implementation of the Next Generation EU funds in a new Dossier. We begin with an analysis of the status of the implementation of these funds at the European level, followed by an assessment of their impact and future challenges. Next, we examine how they are being managed in Spain, highlighting both current achievements and future expectations. We also address investments beyond NGEU, which are necessary in order for Europe to adapt and thrive in an environment as demanding as the current one. Finally, we compare the US model of economic transformation with the European approach.