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If we want to get a better understanding of monetary policy decision-making, we must pay close attention to changes in financial conditions. To do this, there is an important initial step: knowing how to measure them.

Undoubtedly, the negotiation of the next budget will once again test the health of the European project, on which our strategic autonomy needed to address the geopolitical challenges that will continue to come from abroad will depend.

The energy crisis has served as an incentive within the EU to accelerate the transition to energy sources that are more environmentally friendly and less dependent on fossil fuels, but this is seen as more of a medium-term goal.

El consumo es uno de los principales motores de la economía española. En los últimos años, ha crecido a un ritmo cercano al 3% en términos reales. Hasta aquí, pocas sorpresas. Donde sí se han producido cambios profundos es en la manera de consumir, especialmente para determinados grupos de población y en algunos sectores concretos. Muchas personas siguen desplazándose a la tienda física para ver, tocar y probar el producto antes de adquirirlo. Sin embargo, cada vez son más los que hacen sus compras desde el canal digital. Algunos, de hecho, ya realizan la mayor parte de su gasto en línea. ¿Quiénes son estos consumidores digitales? ¿Y en qué sectores tienen una mayor presencia?

Spain is the country where net wealth has increased the most since the pandemic: from Q4 2019 to Q3 2023 there was a significant increase of 25%, followed closely by Germany with 22%, France with 16% and, further behind, Italy with 6.0%.

In this article we analyse what we can expect of European public accounts in the coming years, following the entry into force of the European Union’s new economic governance framework.

This year, the ECB will not only continue to raise interest rates, but it will also reduce the size of its balance sheet. How will this reduction work and what consequences could it have for sovereign debt?