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Despite being the world’s largest consumer of commodities, China lacks certain essential materials and relies heavily on imports, especially of oil, natural gas, copper, aluminium and nickel. To address this dependency, the country has implemented a long-term strategy that includes the stockpiling of strategic reserves, which could affect global commodity prices.

https://www.caixabankresearch.com/en/economics-markets/commodities/china-and-stockpiling-commodities-strategy-or-growth

Despite the reduction of the public deficit to around 2.8% of GDP, the Treasury’s funding needs remain high, with a projected net issuance of 60 billion euros. It will also have to deal with the end of reinvestments by the ECB and the impact of interest rates on public debt.

https://www.caixabankresearch.com/en/economics-markets/public-sector/2025-treasury-strategy-context-reduction-spains-public-deficit